Ethical Issue Paper - Vitamin K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Issue Paper - Vitamin K - Essay Example The Vitamin K in breast milk is also very low and thus after the birth of babies, even though breastfeeding is taking place, Vitamin K is at a low level for several weeks and only attains its required level when the alimentary canal bacteria start generating Vitamin K for the baby. Some babies are fed with infant formula that contains Vitamin K but even though this takes place, the level of Vitamin K remains at a low level for some days (E Hey, 2003). Vitamin k is thus recommended to be administered on the new born babies to increase its levels in their body (American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, 2003). The contention now is on how to administer Vitamin K. Which method is safe and well known to have desirable results in preventing hemorrhagic disease of the newborn? The method that has been in use was intramuscular administration or administration through injection. It however has come to be questioned on its safety on babies and its possibility that it woul d be causing cancer and leukemia in the new born babies who are given vitamin K using the intramuscular administration (American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, 2003). This led to the introduction of oral administration in some countries. The decision however on the method to be used has somehow been determined by the consent from the parent. Where the nurse administering Vitamin K is left to decide, then ethical decision making comes in. As a nurse, consideration has to be put on both methods. Their effectiveness and on the safety. This paper, with the help of research by other writers, will show the dilemma faced in making the ethical decision of the method to use in administering Vitamin K. Summary of the Issue Concerns have however been raised on either the safeness or effectiveness of both intramuscular administration and oral administration of Vitamin K. The first that has been in use is the intramuscular administration. This method has been recorded to have good results and according to study in Australia, there was no registered case of bleeding (HDN) in the children who were given Vitamin K using intramuscular administration (Khambalia et al., A.Z., 2012).. A similar test was carried out testing the effectiveness of oral administration. Most of the infant who received Vitamin K were safe from HDN but a number of them were registered to experience bleeding probably because of HDN. From this you can depict that the efficiency of oral administration is not as effective as using intramuscular administration. This can be due to several reasons that would render oral administration non-effective. The first is that in case of vomiting in the child, to whom Vitamin K is administered to, the dose needed will not have been met and hence the child will be prone to bleeding. The other is that this method is dependent on the parent compliance to bring the child back for the second dose 3-5 days after the first dose given after child birth. T his would mean that if a parent fails to comply with this say because they forget, then the dosage will not be as expected but when it comes to intramuscular administration, the dosage is given once, immediately after birth of the child. This means that the complete dose is administered at once. These two factors may lead to lack of proper dosage if the oral administration is used and thus full protection from HDN may not be in

Street Food Sellers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Street Food Sellers - Research Paper Example There are numerous people who sell street food in developing countries and mostly the goods are homogenous is nature , each person will sell the exact same good which is going to be a perfect substitute to market competitors. A large number of producers is also going to determine that one producer or consumer cannot influence the market price. A producer who wishes to increase the price cannot do so as consumers are going to shift to the other business selling street food at cheaper rates. A single consumer cannot influence market price as well, they can signal to the producer as to how much to produce but one consumer cannot dictate market price. The producer has to keep equilibrium at the efficient output. The producer must minimize costs in order to sell at a competitive price in the market. Each producer has a small market share due to the perfectly competitive nature of the goods, one producer will not be able to secure a larger market share due to the same reason it will not be able to affect market price. ... The reason why Street Food sellers in developing countries is an example of perfect competition is due to the fact that the business face the same characteristics of perfect competition and hence is declared to fall under that category. Monopoly – A monopoly is a market structure which is characterized by the domination of one firm in the market share of good producing differentiated goods with significant barriers to entry. An example of a monopoly business is South West Gas in Arizona which is a monopoly due to the reason that it falls under the same characteristics as that of a monopoly as it is shown below Since it is the only gas provider in the region the market is dominated by the business .Some characteristics include that there is an in-elastic demand for its product, for example if South West Gas decides that it is going to increase the price of its goods the consumption of that good will not decrease due to a lack of substitutes of that good. There are no or very fe w substitutes of gas, so the business can afford to charge high prices without the fear of the consumers shifting to an alternate good. There is no interdependence on other firms / competitors since it is the largest and only gas provider in the region it does not have to account for the competitor’s actions before devising a market strategy. There are numerous barriers to entry in the market , one due to the economies of scale enjoyed by the monopoly the new firm ( even if it enters the market) cannot rival South West Gas for prices as the monopoly has the advantages of lower costs. Another barrier to entry is the obvious utilization of gas resources in the land by the